INTRODUCTION:

In the last few decades the world population has grown drastically at an average rate of 1.2% per year. In 2007, for the first time in the history, the number of people living in cities surpassed the number of people living in rural areas. It is estimated that the proportion will exceed 70% by 2050. While urbanization brings advantages, it also comes with challenges. Rapid urbanization adds constant pressure to the resources, and increases demand for energy, water, and sanitation, as well as for services like governance, education and health care. There by hampers the social, economic and environmental issues. Cities are the major responsible channels for environmental degradation on local, regional, and global scales. Studies have demonstrated that they are accountable for 70% of global greenhouse gas emissions as well as 60-80% of global energy consumption. The question arises in this juncture is how cities can meet the ever growing demand and their sustainability, the answer lies in making cities smarter.

Definition of Smart City.

Different agencies/institutes based on the objective of study/purpose has given different definitions among these best opted for my present work is “A Smart City is an innovative city that uses information and communication technologies (ICTs) and other means to improve quality of life, efficiency of urban operation and services, and competitiveness, while ensuring that it meets the needs of present and future generations with respect to economic, social and environmental aspects”.

Concept of Smart City

A city to be called as 'Smart and Sustainable City' entails more than just the implementation of technologies and strategies aimed at meeting today's needs without compromising those of future generations. It is also about understanding the city itself: its identity and its objectives, its stakeholders and their priorities, and in that way, identifying the attributes that would suite to the uniqueness of each city while enhancing its overall living quality and sustainability with the support of ICTs.

Key Dimensions of Smart Cities lies in the three categories

(1) Environment and sustainability, (2) city level services and (3) quality of life.

Each of these dimensions has a number of important attributes, the following reclassification into four areas called as four pillars of a smart city.

(1) Economy – The city must be able to thrive – jobs, growth, finance

(2) Governance – The city must be robust in its ability for administrating policies and pulling together the different elements

(3) Environment – The city must be sustainable in its functioning for future generations

(4) Society – The city is for its inhabitants (the citizens)

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) devices and services are only an enabler which allows the “smartness” to get into the system. Recognizing the need and importance of ICT in a city results in sustainable and smart, IBM states that “a smart city is one that makes optimal use of all the interconnected information available today to better understand and control its operations and optimizes the use of limited resources.

Case Study on Hyderabad City.

Introduction: Hyderabad is the capital of the southern Indian state of Telangana and de jure capital of Andhra Pradesh. Occupying 625 square kilometers (241 sq mi) along the banks of the Musi River, At an average altitude of 542 meters (1,778 ft), much of Hyderabad is situated on hilly terrain around artificial lakes, including Hussain Sagar. Since Hyderabad has become one of India’s most prominent IT emerging cities as well as the country’s centre of scientific and technological development, many people from different parts of the country have migrated to take advantage of the potential opportunities.

Population of Hyderabad City:

The dream city of Hyderabad is currently home to 9,507,434 people in Andhra Pradesh. According to recent estimates, Hyderabad Metropolitan area is about to cross 12 million (1.2 Crore) populations by the end of 2015. Between 2001 to 2011, Population of Hyderabad has increased by 87%, the city has added over 3.1 million people to its ever growing population in the last 10 years. Its population has increased from 3,637,483 in the 2001 census to 6,809,970 in the 2011 census. In the last 10 years, the city has witnessed a large number of migrants from all over India. Today these migratory population stands at 24% of overall city population. There are 1.7 million people that constitute slum population of Hyderabad. These slum population lives in 1,476 slums that are located all over the city.

Challenges faced by Hyderabad and Smart Solutions

Energy Challenge

The majority of Hyderabad’s urban energy consumption is used by the building sector (45% of the total), out of which domestic sector uses the maximum (25%), followed by commercial (8%) and industrial sectors (8%). While the commercial sector uses less energy on the whole than domestic sector, the commercial sector almost 3 times more energy intensive. Modern day building design is responsible for the increasing energy intensity of buildings.

Smart Energy Solution

Smart energy management systems use sensors, advanced meters, digital controls and analytic tools to automate, monitor, and control the two-way flow of energy. These systems optimize grid operation and usage by keeping consumers, the producers and providers up to date with the latest technology advancements to deliver energy efficient solutions. This information can help translate real-time data into action.

Transportation/Traffic Challenge

• 26 lakhs vehicles on road in Hyderabad, fourth largest in India, 33 lakhs in GHMC limits.

• 600 vehicles added every day.

• Hyderabad has only 9% of city as road area as against 14%-18% in other metros.

• Vehicle density 723 vehicles / km, second largest in the country.

• Almost no foot paths –pedestrians.

Impacts of high traffic volume

· Pollution

· The total vehicular pollution load in the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad alone is 1500T/day.

· According to a study by Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), Hyderabad is ranked second after Chennai in noise pollution levels.

· According to Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board (APPCB), till September 2012, the average noise level recorded at Hyderabad was 80.66 dB against the standard value 65 dB

Smart Transportation Solution

Smart transportation management systems should use technology and collect information about mobility patterns. This information enables city managers to make sure that with the current infrastructure and with lesser investments, the city provides cleaner, efficient and smarter transportation systems. This method lessens the level of wastage and improves the level of citizens' lifestyle, thus overcoming the challenges of transporting goods, services and people from one point to another. In addition, ICT can help to reduce the overall need for transportation and travel by offering virtual alternatives to physical movements of the vehicles.

Water Challenge

At present in Hyderabad nearly 50% of the water is sourced from River Krishna that is 250km away, there is a deficit of nearly 10% of the total demand The projected deficit is projected to increase 32.5% by 2021. HMWSSB planning to source water from as far as River Godavari to meet the future demand Present and future demand.

Smart Water Solution

Smart water management systems use and apply ICT in the development and delivery of solutions to provide access to safe water, manage demand and supply, and develop a pricing mechanism. Examples include: Providing continuous monitoring of water quality and availability via smart sensors.

In order to overcome challenges in this area a firm emphasizes should be consider for careful design and proper coordination among all relevant sectors on SWM technologies such as:

§ Smart pipes and sensor networks

§ Smart metering

§ Communication modems

§ Geographic information systems (GIS)

§ Cloud computing

§ Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)

§ Models, optimization, and decision-support tools

§ Web-based communication and information system tools

Sewage Challenge:

In Hyderabad, GHMC and surrounding municipalities collect and dispose solid waste. While these authorities collect as much as 91% in the old MCH area and 95% in the surrounding municipalities, no segregation is undertaken by them. Most of the segregations are undertaken by the informal sector, in a system of rag pickers collecting household waste and separating recyclables to be sold if possible. Only 14% of the 25% of recyclable waste is recycled. Wet or organic waste that constitutes nearly 40% of the total is not treated at all and ends up in the landfill. Biomedical waste is mixed up with municipal solid waste contaminating the whole quantity.

Construction waste is disposed indiscriminately on the roads. This not only reduces the possibility to recycle this waste but also contributes to land, water and air pollution.

Issues	MCH	Surrounding ULB's	Standards
Waste Disposal	Source segregation not followed		As per Municipal waste Management Rules
Waste Disposal	Open dumps	Open dumps
Construction Waste	Most of it recycled/used	Most of it recycled/used
Construction Waste	Informal Disposal	Informal disposal
Best practices	Exemplary Resident Welfare Associations	None

Smart Sewage Solution

This challenge can be solved with source reduction, proper identification of the category of waste and development of a proper use for the waste. There may be various forward-looking resolutions for converting waste into a resource and generating economy, but to enable this process we need proper and correct information and advanced technology.

Smart waste management systems will enable the following areas of action, among others:

§ Implementing waste tracking systems to monitor and control the movement of different kinds of waste.

§ Sorting of waste at source without the operator coming into contact with it.

§ Leveraging technology to collect and share data from source to transportation to disposal of waste.

§ Connecting various smart waste management systems with local waste management service providers.

There are lot many areas to be focused for framing a concrete Smart Cities Initiatives some of them are listed below.

1. City Identity and Economy

2. Citizen Participation

3. Identify and Culture

4. Economy and employment

5. Citizen Services

6. Safety and Security

7. Intelligent Government Services

8. Urban Planning

9. Mixed use Developments

10. Compact

11. Public Open Spaces

12. Housing and inclusiveness

13. Integrated Transport

14. Transport

15. Walkable

16.City Infrastructure

17. IT connectivity

18. Education

19. Health

20. Energy and Power

21. Energy Supply

22. Energy Source

23. Energy efficiency

24. Water and Waste

25. Water Supply

26. Water Management

27. Waste water management

28. Environment and Sustainability

29. Air Quality

30. Underground Electric wiring

31. Sanitation

32. Waste Management

Smart City Initiative Concept and Frame Work:

Smart Cities initiative will boost economic domain, living standard, sustainability of major cities through maximizing resource utilization by investing in technology, urban infrastructure and local governance.

There are six major elements of the SC Initiative Concept Framework

1) Smart City Initiatives – specific smart city related project or program to be implemented,

Smart City initiatives can be pursued to achieve desired objectives or goals,

Objectives of Smart Cities Initiatives:

Smart city initiatives in general aim at:

(1) Reduction of Carbon emission

(2) Energy efficiency and Sustainability;

(3)Use of ICT to develop knowledge based industries.

(4)Improving the Standard of Living of the residents

(5)Developing green recreational areas within the city;

(6)Developing high end information data embedded infrastructure accessible to all;

(7) Achieving economic growth and quality of life simultaneously;

(8) Developing Sustainable communities;

(9)Providing social harmony among different groups of residents in terms of religion and beliefs etc,

(10) Make city as platform for research activities which strives for improvement and betterment of the city.

Strategies for major dimensions:

Environment – This dimension is has seven categories of strategies including

1) Water management,

2) Open and green space development,

3) Adequate Material flow and recycling,

4) Sustainable and efficient city operations,

5) Land use planning and Management

6) Sustainable agriculture and natural resource management and

7) Waste management System

Energy – universal strategies for this dimension include:

1) Adoption/enforcing of energy efficient practices particularly in building designs,

2) Use of renewable energy such as biogas, Solar and wind energy by households,

3) Use of smart power grid technologies and implementing of

energy management system at the community level with citizen participation

4) Education of children through live projects on how to save energy and making them role model for future generations

5) Promotion of the use of e-vehicles and hybrids.

Transportation – The focal strategies in this domain include:

1) Focusing on accessibility rather than mobility in transportation planning,

2) Providing of networks separate tracks for non-motorized transportation mode like bicycles and walking

3) Top priority is given for parking of fuel-efficient and low emitting vehicles in public places,

4) Use of e-vehicles for public transport with charging stations provided across the city at reasonable cost.

5) Integration of land-use and public fare collection by using smart cards

6) Adoption of transit-oriented development in urban planning.

2) City Policy Domains – This connected to the set of city aspects to be impacted by the initiatives, city aspects correspond to the major areas for city governments that are usually focused for transformation within the Smart City context there are eight primary domains are

1. Economy,

2. Environment,

3. Energy,

4. People (intellectual endowment and skills),

5. Lifestyle (Building),

6. Mobility (Transportation),

7. Technology and

8. Governance.

3) Stakeholders’ and City Transformation Results - expected impacts on the city as a whole and desired results by wider Smart City stakeholder groups,

Stakeholders’ and City Transformation Outcome
Environment	Energy	Transportation	Economy
Aesthetic value	E-Vehicle adoption	Less congestion	Standard of living
Recycling take-up by residents and businesses	Level of biogas production	Less CO2 emission	GDP contribution
Recycling take-up by residents and businesses	Use of wind energy	Self-sustainability	Investment friendly environment
Green space per residential unit	Solar Energy	Recognition – ranking and designation as best practice exemplar	Recognition – including competitiveness
Adoption of organic food	Energy usage reduction		Recognition – including competitiveness
Recognition - ranking and designation as best practice exemplar	Petrol usage reduction		Employment and job creation
			Foreign Direct Investment
			Startups

4) Enablers – partnerships, institutional and governance mechanisms required to address critical factors and challenges, two core mechanisms partnerships and governance described below

Partnership for smart city programs:

Smart City programs are complex in nature and requires involvement of a wide range of partners and stakeholders. They are

1. Academia (Universities and Research Centers)

2. Real-estate firms

3. Architectural practice firms,

4. Investment firms

5. Engineering construction firms,

6. Technology firms

7. International consulting firms,

8. Government departments and agencies

Governance:

Four types of governance actions have been identified across the reviewed programs –

1) Coordination and integration; It includes identification of an agreed set of projects by stakeholders across different sectors, use of administrative and legal instruments for conformance, and integrated planning activities involving multiple sectors.

2) Service integration; Service approaches integrated utility management with the use of Urban Operating Systems tool for managing and functioning of urban services.

3) Participation and co-production; It includes building multi-stakeholders partnerships with industry, academia, and citizens in addition to the involvement of internal firms in the development of smart cities.

4) Policy and regulations.

It include master-planning, institutional development, certification and appreciation of practices (e.g. green buildings), promotional activities (e.g. low carbon foot print), and development of Smart City framework acts.

5) Critical Success Factors: The set of conditions that prominently contribute to the success of Smart City initiatives, they are

1) Political leadership and

2) Sticking to an integrated, holistic, and whole of government approach to smart city development

3) Creation of dedicated research and expert group institutions to support program,

4) Non-compromise on core values,

5) Ensuring creativity and innovative but affordable and feasible solutions,

6) Comprehensive master-planning,

7) Regulations and standards for stakeholders, and

8) Establishing stakeholder collaboration and industry partnerships.

6) Challenges – It is the difficulties that policymakers may face in implementing Smart City initiatives.

These challenges include:

1) Obtaining buy-in from stakeholders, particularly the private sector;

2) Inclusion of sick areas in the program and their development.

3) Sustaining stakeholders’ interests and their constant engagement;

4) Resourcing and funding the program considering high development cost; and

5) Obtaining citizens’ participation.

CONCLUSIONS:

To mitigate the ever growing challenges of urbanization smart city concepts is the main agenda of many political parties all over the world. India is a great potential country to adopt the smart city concepts in which making New Cities built smart from the start, existing cities into smart and purpose driven smart cities in which there is huge challenges to make that dream into reality, If we can develop the concrete smart city initiatives which suite the uniqueness of the respective city requirements. The framework is developed based on the available knowledge database and it is limited in its nature to address the complex attributes of the cities. There is a lot scope in developing the smart city initiative tool, its monitoring and evaluation and updating.

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Received on 03.11.2015 Accepted on 06.12.2015

Int. J. Tech. 5(2): July-Dec., 2015; Page 274-280

DOI: 10.5958/2231-3915.2015.00035.8